https://journal.ivinas.gov.ua/pwh/issue/feedProblems of World History2024-03-20T16:14:43+01:00Dmitriy Lakishikjournal@ivinas.gov.uaOpen Journal Systems<p><strong>Problems of World History: </strong><strong>Scientific Journal</strong></p> <p><strong>ISSN <a href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/ISSN/2707-6776" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">2707-6776</span></a><br /></strong></p> <p>The scientific journal "Problems of World History" is included in the list of professional editions of Ukraine in which the results of the dissertation works for obtaining the scientific degrees of doctor and candidate of sciences in the specialty "historical sciences" can be published.</p> <p><strong>Type:</strong> print edition</p> <p>The publication publishes articles, reviews of scientific works, chronicles of scientific life.</p> <p><strong>Issues: </strong>coverage of fundamental and applied scientific researches of problems of world-historical process and cultural-civilizational development.</p> <p><strong>Founder </strong><strong>and publisher</strong><strong>:</strong> State Institution "Institute of World History of the NAS of Ukraine"</p> <p><strong>Founded in 2015</strong></p> <p><strong>Branch of science:</strong> historical sciences</p> <p><strong>Frequency:</strong> 4 times a year</p> <p><strong>Registered:</strong> <em>State registration certificate </em>КВ 21441-11241Р<em> issued by the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine </em>04.08.2015<em>.</em></p>https://journal.ivinas.gov.ua/pwh/article/view/282“The Past that doesn’t Pass”: National Socialism in the Memory Policy of the FRG and the Historical Policy of the GDR2024-03-18T17:43:50+01:00S. Stelmakhroot@ukr.net<p>The article provides a comparative analysis of the coverage of the legacy of National Socialism in the memory policy of the FRG and historical policy of the GDR and various commemorative practices. The author revealed the conceptual apparatus that is used in professional historiography and public discourse. Its various contents and features of use in different chronological periods were also determined in the article. The author considered numerous methodological approaches used by researchers of memory problems. The difference between the concepts of “memory policy” and “memory culture” in content is that the first term provides for a set of government measures to preserve memory, while the second term is broader and focuses on involving public institutions and society in the discussion of “memory” problems. The article shows the differences in the attitude to the National Socialist past in the FRG and the GDR on specific examples. The author paid attention to new approaches to the memory of the World War II in modern Germany, which has resulted from the processes of migration and the transformation of the country into a multicultural community. Two factors influence contemporary debates about the politics of memory in Germany: a) globalization, cultural transfer and migration, which exacerbate conflicts in nationally oriented memory politics. Like most countries in Western Europe, Germany is an immigration country, comprising a population that can’t longer be differentiated by nations and ethnic groups. Accordingly, historical memory refers less and less to national or ethnic historical foundations, as an ever-increasing proportion of the population has a second family origin and is therefore confronted with a past that lies beyond their ethnic beliefs; b) the Russian-Ukrainian war turned attention to the crimes of National Socialism during the Second World War (1939-1945) in Eastern Europe and Ukraine in particular.</p>2024-03-05T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.ivinas.gov.ua/pwh/article/view/283Historical and Political Aspects of the Sustainable Development of the International Order under Conditions of Global Transformations2024-03-18T19:32:12+01:00M. Fesenkoroot@ukr.net<p>The problems and prospects of a new international order formation in terms of the transformation of the international system are viewed. It is proved that sustainable development of the contemporary international system depends on the consolidation of the international community and the constructive cooperation between the international relations participants. Thus it is necessary to begin the process of developing a new model of a world governing that would take into consideration the conditions of the global world of the XXI century. </p> <p>The necessity of comprehensive study of the components of the global crisis of world governance and search for mechanisms to overcome it by consolidating participants of the international system are proved. A complex crisis in various fields and at various levels, from local to global proves incapacity, due to lack of appropriate mechanisms, of the international community to overcome the global system crisis that includes world governing crisis.</p> <p>Thus, the current crisis on the global level always calls for search the means and factors that would provide stabilization of the social, economic and political relations, consolidation of social powers and all members of the international system. The current global system crisis is not accidental one and it is a natural phenomenon associated with long-term trends of world political and economic development.</p> <p>Thus the present global system crisis has its own peculiarities and distinctive features associated with the processes of globalization, regional political and economic integration, global migration and more. Crisis development was accelerated because of the collapse of the bipolar international system and intensification of globalization. Obviously, handling crisis development is possible to be achieved, provided the acquisition of the new international system a balance that would correspond properly to the character of global transformations. From this perspective, changes in social development have made the problem of international political consolidation a highly topical one as it is aimed at sustainable development of mankind.</p>2024-03-05T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.ivinas.gov.ua/pwh/article/view/284The Ruscist Regime Dooms Russia to Serious Shocks2024-03-19T20:31:27+01:00M. Derzhaliukroot@ukr.netO. Derzhaliukroot@ukr.net<p>The article analyzes the development of the Russian Federation during the 33 years after independence. It was noted that during the first years, decisive measures were taken to dismantle the communist regime, all its key institutions, and introduce in its place a democratic and legal system, a market economy on a multi-system basis, the modernization of its leading industries, the development of the socio-economic sphere and the provision of the primary needs of citizens, solving international problems in the country itself.</p> <p>In foreign policy, the leadership of the Russian Federation sought to form equal, democratic and mutually beneficial relations, especially with such world centers as the EU and the Atlantic countries. The same principles were initiated in relation to other world regions and states, in particular, in relation to the post-Soviet countries that continued to cooperate within the framework of the CIS.</p> <p>Since the beginning of the 21st century, the departure of the Russian Federation from the democratic values developed by Western civilization began, since a number of provisions regarding the transformation of socio-political, socio-economic and national development, which were recommended for borrowing, ran counter to the interests of Russia and contradicted the national idea. In the activities of the new elite of the Russian Federation, their own geopolitical and geoeconomic interests, which were aimed at reviving the positions of the great powers in the world, ensuring the security and integrity of the multinational state, were increasingly strengthened.</p> <p>At the final stage of transformational transformations in the Russian Federation, the final establishment of a totalitarian model of the state system took place, the main features of which were: in domestic politics – over-centralism, dictatorship, militarism, revival and development of the Military Industry; on the international arena – revanchist and aggressive policy; it is increasingly obvious that the principles of peaceful coexistence, equal cooperation, and the strengthening of the dominance of its geopolitical interests are being ignored.</p> <p>It is emphasized that the establishment of a dictatorial model of the state system in post-Soviet Russia took place primarily because the tsarist-imperial centralist and great-state traditions most corresponded to the implementation of its tasks in domestic and foreign policy.</p> <p>It is proved that the dominance of internal rather than external factors was the reason for the inability of the Russian Federation to form a progressive political-legal, democratic and economic model of the development of the state and society, to build international relations, in particular with neighboring states, on a legal, competitive and mutually beneficial basis.</p> <p>It was noted that the growing aggressive policy of the Russian Federation towards Ukraine and other countries did not receive timely and appropriate countermeasures from world states and international organizations. Only the heroic resistance of the Ukrainian nation to the invaders forced the collective West to provide active assistance to Ukraine and to introduce effective sanctions against the Russian Federation.</p> <p>It is emphasized that the war of aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, the annexation of part of its territories, the barbaric destruction of the civilian population and industrial infrastructure are aimed at the liquidation of the Ukrainian state and the Ukrainian nation, the colonization of its territory. The ideology of ruscism must be condemned and banned at the international level and its bearers and those involved in the commission of crimes must be punished.</p>2024-03-05T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.ivinas.gov.ua/pwh/article/view/285Ukraine-NATO: Problems and Prospects of Partnership2024-03-19T20:44:38+01:00T. Meleshchenkoroot@ukr.net<p>The article contains an overview of the evolution of Ukraine-NATO relations from the beginning of our state’s independence to the present. The author made an attempt to identify and characterize the main periods of the formation of Ukraine-NATO relations, to identify the key problems of partnership development. It is noted that at the beginning of independence, Ukraine chose a neutral and non-aligned status, and then declared multi-vectorism as the basis of foreign security policy, which was a historically determined necessity in the transition period. At that time, Ukraine remained in the field of interests of Russia, which sought to restore its position in the post-Soviet space, and therefore did not have the opportunity to fully integrate into the Euro-Atlantic structures.</p> <p>Due to the difficult geopolitical situation, Ukraine was forced to maneuver between the East and the West in order to establish itself in the international field and take its place in the European security architecture. In the 1990s, Ukraine-NATO relations developed quite briskly, but not enough for Ukraine to become a NATO member. However, Ukraine managed to gain the status of a special partner, which subsequently contributed to the deepening of bilateral relations.</p> <p>In the 2000s, Ukraine-NATO relations first intensified, and after Yanukovych came to power, Ukraine’s Euro-Atlantic integration was suspended. The situation changed after the Revolution of Dignity, when pro-European democratic forces came to power. Further policy is aimed at deepening Ukraine’s relations with the Alliance. Ukraine has finally decided on its course, but the necessary conditions must be met for successful integration. Also, for its part, NATO should conduct a more targeted policy regardless of Russia, which is not as strong as it has created an image of itself through propaganda. Ukraine receives the undisputed support of the Alliance, but, unfortunately, this is not enough to end the war and restore territorial integrity. Ukraine’s accession to NATO would guarantee Ukraine’s security on the one hand, and strengthen the Alliance’s values on the other. Therefore, NATO needs more determination in Ukraine’s accession to the Alliance.</p>2024-03-05T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.ivinas.gov.ua/pwh/article/view/286The Discussion of the Tendences and Evolution of the European Security Issues in the British Parliament (1990-2010)2024-03-19T20:55:36+01:00D. Ivanovroot@ukr.net<p>The article is devoted to the discussion of European security issues in the British Parliament in the post-bipolar period. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the British establishment had to revise the foreign policy doctrine of the United Kingdom to adapt it to the demands of the post-bipolar age. During this period, parliamentarians discussed the future role of NATO after the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact. The political establishment has continued to define NATO as the foundation of the Euroatlantic system of collective security. After the direct military threat from the USSR vanished, the British elites had difficulties formulating the strategic goal of the North Atlantic alliance's existence. Another important topic was the creation of the European Union, its future enlargement in Central-Eastern Europe, and the search for the best approach to British European policy under new circumstances. There was an agreement that the idea of the “Europe of Nations” was best suited to British national interests. The British government also deterred attempts by France and Germany to transform the European Union into a federal superstate. The Balkan crisis also became a central topic that caused heated debates in Parliament in an attempt to find a path to a peaceful settlement. In the case of military interventions in local conflicts, the British establishment tried to evade direct intervention in the Balkan crisis but was forced to reconsider its position under growing pressure from allies, who began to experience economic and reputational damage. The humanitarian intervention in Kosovo created a precedent that was used to justify interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq. Additionally, the conflicts in Nagorno-Karabakh and Georgia were also discussed.</p>2024-03-05T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.ivinas.gov.ua/pwh/article/view/287India on the Way of Successful Transformations: Development Model2024-03-20T13:27:02+01:00O. Lukashroot@ukr.net<p>The study presents an attempt to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the Republic of India’s development model from the time of its formation in 1950 to the present days and to characterize achievements and problems along the path of transformation from a post-colonial, backward country to a state claiming a leading position in the world. It is proven that the country chose an effective but complicated hybrid development model for modernization transformations. The Indian model is significantly different from the East Asian model, it is not like any other, so it is a special type of development model. It has been proven that researchers are faced with a huge transition economy with pronounced contrasts. In particular, a high level of education and a large sector of highly qualified specialists are combined with hundreds of millions of illiterate people and a significant middle class, not present in every transition economy, with mass poverty. The presence of contrasts is characteristic of all countries with transition economies that are developing rapidly. However, India has a feature that is almost unique – a combination of the so-called "three worlds", three socio-economic development models observed in our time. This peculiar “mix” made it possible to rationally use the features and advantages of each of the specified systems at various stages of the country's development. A special model of progress enabled India to overcome (or to reduce) a significant number of the most difficult economic, scientific and technical, social problems, make a colossal leap from colonial backwardness to global leadership, and become an interesting and useful example for many countries. Such a unique combination is obviously not found in any other country, and it largely determines the features of the Indian development model and successful transformations on the path to modernization.</p>2024-03-05T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.ivinas.gov.ua/pwh/article/view/288The Formation of American Historiography of the New Deal (1930s – early 1960s)2024-03-20T14:20:41+01:00V. Lushchakroot@ukr.net<p>The article analyzes the formation of American historiography of the New Deal based on a comprehensive study of scientific and journalistic literature. The initial assessments of the New Deal date back to the presidential campaign of 1932 when it was still a preliminary theoretical reform program. During the political debates of the 1930s, opponents of F. Roosevelt criticized the New Deal because, in their opinion, it did not align with American traditions, operated with un-American approaches to public administration, etc. These assessments were significantly influenced by the international situation related to the crisis of capitalism and democratic governance in Europe. Political opponents, referring to experience overseas, unjustly regarded the New Deal as a manifestation of one of the European radical “isms”. The author of the article found that such assessments did not find a wide response in society, and the scientific works of researchers who defended similar theses were on the margins of historical debates around the New Deal.</p> <p>The publication of their memoirs by most members of F. Roosevelt’s cabinet and his advisers, as well as the opening of access to the President’s library in Hyde Park, contributed to the formation of the first scientific assessments of the New Deal in the late 1940s. The historiography of the New Course had its “founding fathers”, to whom the author of this article includes – Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., B. Rauch, R. Hofstadter, F. Freidel, J. Burns, and W. Leuchtenburg. These researchers established a scientific basis that remains valid to this day, despite various attempts to revise it. They established certain historiographical trends and approaches to research and interpretation of this period in the 1950s. The author determined that the 1950s were marked by a debate between two schools of historical thought – Progressive and Consensus, regarding what the New Deal was – a continuation of the reform movement of previous decades, a turning point, or a revolution in American life and politics. In the research, the author considered and analyzed the main arguments and counterarguments of each of the schools.</p>2024-03-05T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.ivinas.gov.ua/pwh/article/view/289Russian-Ukrainian War: Biographical Discourse on Ukrainian Heroes2024-03-20T16:04:51+01:00M. Zhelezniakroot@ukr.net<p>In this article, the author addresses the importance of encyclopedic publications aimed at highlighting and popularizing the defenders of Ukraine. These individuals not only protect their homeland in the war against Russia but also, through their successful and heroic deeds, defend the contemporary global order embodying a humanistic, democratic path of civilization development. The Russian-Ukrainian war, lasting almost a decade, with the last two years being full-scale and particularly brutal and destructive, has vividly exposed the gap between Ukrainians and Russians, dispelling long-held notions of fraternal nations. Ukrainians represent democracy, peace, and progress, while Russians embody totalitarianism, aggression, and decline. Throughout centuries, regardless of Russia's political system, it exploited Ukraine by annexing territories, exploiting natural resources, looting archaeological findings, destroying ancient landmarks, appropriating history, culture, language, and ruthlessly targeting talented Ukrainians, depriving the nation of its elite. Today, all masks have been torn off: the leadership of the Russian Federation seeks to permanently resolve the Ukrainian issue, committing genocide on the sovereign territory of Ukraine. Unfortunately, the war has “opened the eyes” of many Ukrainians, prompting them to recall not only the sad moments of its history but also times of glory and world fame. Stories of the victorious regiments of Russian-Ukrainians under Prince Sviatoslav, the daring Cossacks Ivan Sirko and Ivan Bohun, and the exploits of Ukrainians during the First and Second World Wars have come to the forefront. Ukrainian historical scholarship has already produced substantial research on these periods of military history, including encyclopedic formats. The building the biographical references, especially encyclopedias, about heroes of the Russian-Ukrainian war is relevant from various perspectives: not only preserving the memory of contemporary elite Ukrainians but also laying the groundwork for future research in history, including military history, and biographistics.</p>2024-03-05T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.ivinas.gov.ua/pwh/article/view/290Ukrainians and World Civilization: Encyclopedic Aspects2024-03-20T16:14:43+01:00O. Ishchenkoroot@ukr.net<p>This article delves into encyclopedic biographistics, particularly addressing the representation of prominent Ukrainians in the context of world civilization. The aim of the study is to substantiate the necessity of creating encyclopedic publications (encyclopedias, lexicons, reference books) that highlight and popularize significant achievements of Ukrainians in fields such as science, culture, and the arts worldwide. Despite globalization, questions of identity remain pertinent, especially for nations that have experienced prolonged periods of statelessness. Ukrainians, despite the challenges in their history, have managed to preserve distinctive national traits, customs, traditions, language, culture, and even aspects of their national elite, challenging the portrayal by official Russian and Soviet historiography. The material, architectural, literary, museum, and cultural achievements serve as a national heritage for Ukrainians. Ukrainian intellectuals rank among the world’s brightest minds, requiring clarification and dissemination of information about their contributions within and beyond the country, particularly in the realm of world civilization. The preparation of biographical encyclopedic publications poses methodological challenges, including issues related to attributing certain individuals to the Ukrainian national continuum.</p>2024-03-05T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2024