Activities of European Military Missions in the Islamic Countries of the Middle East and North Africa in the 20s–80s XIX Century
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Abstract
The study is devoted to the study of military missions (transfer of military knowledge, training methods and organization of military affairs) sent by the governments of European countries to the Islamic countries of North Africa and the Middle East. The author’s attention is focused purely on the activities of officially sent military missions from European countries to the Ottoman Empire, Iran, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia.
It is important to note that under the concept of “officially sent military missions” the author also means the missions of military professionals who, although they were equipped by the governments of European countries, hid the fact of their delegation by the military ministries of the metropolises and acted under the guise of a private initiative. The main marker of the missions we are investigating is their participation in the organization of the state.
The activity of more than 20 military missions directed in the 20s-80s of the XIXth century was analyzed. by the governments of France, Britain, the Kingdom of Prussia, the Russian Empire, and the Austrian Empire to the armed forces of the countries of the Islamic East. The main goal of the study is to summarize the evolution of the activities of European military professionals in the armed forces of the Islamic countries of North Africa and the Middle East for more than 50 years. The author sets himself the task: with the help of a comprehensive scientific analysis of the activities of the military from European countries, to reveal the history of such a phenomenon in military and political history as “the activities of military missions in the countries of the Islamic world”.
The study of the evolution, reform and transformation of the armies of East and North African states (as well as the political history of the countries of the region) serves only as a context for the study. The purpose of the article is not to analyze the activities of officers in the fleets, or officers who were hired for service in a private way.
During the research, statistical and biographical methods were used, as well as a method of critical analysis of the activities of European military professionals as part of missions in the countries of the Islamic East.
In the context of the study, the memoirs of participants in military missions, published archival sources and scientific literature devoted to the given topic were used.
The work is a continuation of the author’s long-term research on the history of the transfer of European military technologies and military culture to Asian countries, starting from the end of the 18th and the beginning of the XXth centuries.
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