Ліванська республіка: між політичним конфесіоналізмом і політичним прагматизмом
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Анотація
Одним з найцікавіших явищ, пов’язаних з функціонуванням ліванських владних структур виступає діючий у країні принцип консоціативної (Консоціональної) демократії, вираженої у формі політичного конфесіоналізму. Разом з цим, протягом майже 80-річної історії Ліванської республіки принципи функціонування її політичної системи зазнавали й надалі продовжують зазнавати істотних змін. Розуміння сутності й визначення стадіальності зазначеної еволюції дозволить скласти уяви про перспективи подальшого політичного розвитку цієї важливої у масштабах близькосхідного регіону країни.
Автор статті поділяє думку дослідників, які вважають, що Ліван поступово перетворюється з консоціативної на мажоритарну демократію. Вже на момент утворення Ліванської республіки поряд з превалюванням конфесіоналістичних засад мало місце декларативне визнання тимчасового характеру цього явища. Поправки, зроблені до ліванської конституції у 1990 р. містять положення, що створюють реальні можливості для здійснення курсу на деконфесіоналізацію. У 2005 р. на хвилі Кедрової революції сформувалася кардинально нова політична система Лівану. Вона, хоча й зберігає базовий конфесіональний аспект, проте полягає у протистоянні двох поліконфесійних політичних блоків. У нинішньому (2021) році, на хвилі масового невдоволення існуючим політичним ладом у лівані сформувався дуже нечисленний, проте реальний антиконфесіоналістичний опозиційний політичний блок, котрий планує взяти участь у парламентських виборах 2022 р. Паралельно у вищих політичних колах країни нерідко практикується використання антиконфесіоналістської риторики, що свідчить на користь зростання її популярності. Нарешті, вплив зовнішніх чинників нерідко призводить до подолання міжконфесійних бар’єрів місцевими політичними елітами.
Нині ліванське суспільство опинилося на півдорозі між традиційним політичним конфесіоналізмом і позаконфесійним політичним прагматизмом. Цей політичний modus vivendi можна окреслити як прагматичний конфесіоналізм.
Завантаження
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Посилання
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